![]() Risk factors for these complications are age > 60 years, high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, inpatient status and the involvement of a trainee in the procedure. The incidence of sedation-related complications associated with a GIE procedure is relatively low. The use of sedative agents has been found to improve the performance of the endoscopy, enhancing the successful completion of the procedure. Providing sedation has been the most effective strategy employed, with most patients preferring the use of sedation during endoscopy. Most predictors of sedation-related complications are patient-centered factors and do not vary significantly from procedure to procedure, although the procedure is complex. Additionally, complications attributed to moderate and deep sedation levels are more often associated with cardiovascular and respiratory systems. These procedures have been shown to cause various effects on cardiorespiratory systems, which can increase the risks of the procedure in patients with underlying cardiorespiratory diseases. Gastrointestinal endoscopic (GIE) procedures are relatively safe and now performed routinely because of their minimal invasiveness and diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. This article will review sedation-related complications during moderate and deep sedation for GIE procedures and also address their appropriate management. Additionally, physicians must be prepared to manage these complications. Significant unwanted complications can generally be prevented by careful pre-procedure assessment and preparation, appropriate monitoring and support, as well as post-procedure management. The risk for these complications while providing any level of sedation is greatest when caring for patients already medically compromised. However, sedation-related complications during GIE procedures are commonly transient and of a mild degree. Complications attributed to moderate and deep sedation levels are more often associated with cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The risk factors of these complications include the type, dose and mode of administration of sedative agents, as well as the patient’s age and underlying medical diseases. Sedation-related complications in gastrointestinal endoscopy, once occurred, can lead to significant morbidity and occasional mortality in patients. The goal of procedural sedation is the safe and effective control of pain and anxiety, as well as to provide an appropriate degree of memory loss or decreased awareness. Sedation practices for gastrointestinal endoscopic (GIE) procedures vary widely in different countries depending on health system regulations and local circumstances.
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